Red Activists and Black Freedom by unknow

Author:unknow
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Nonfiction, History, Americas, United States, 20th Century
ISBN: 9781317990598
Publisher: Taylor and Francis
Published: 2013-09-13T04:00:00+00:00

1 James Jackson (JJ) to Esther Cooper (EC), 16 June 1945. James and Esther Cooper Jackson Papers, Tamiment Library, New York University, New York City, hereafter referred to as Jackson Papers.

2 Esther Cooper kept her maiden name until 1951.

3 EC to JJ, 28 June 1945, Jackson Papers.

4 In 1935, the Communist International initiated a movement that became known as the Popular Front. The Popular Front reflected a move away from the sectarian, forceful Party line. The goal of the Popular Front movement was to unite leftist organizations and quietly influence activism across the world with Communist ideas. Communists joined a wide network of labor unions, civil rights organizations, and any other group that explicitly opposed fascism. Instead of forcing these organizations to adopt strict Communism, these organizations were subtly influenced by the ideas, suggestions, and methods advocated by the Party members. Between 1936 and 1938, the CPUSA doubled its membership. It is important to note that many of the Communist influenced organizations, Civil Rights oriented or otherwise, were interracial and working-class. See Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1998), 15.

5 Augusta Jackson Strong, “Southern Youth’s Proud Heritage,” Freedomways Magazine, No. 1, 1964, 36; Augusta V. Jackson, “A New Deal for Tobacco Workers,” The Crisis, October, 1938, 322–324, 330, 324; Esther Cooper Jackson interviews with author; Robin D.G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990); Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Johnetta Richards, “The Southern Negro Youth Congress: A History,” (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Ohio, 1987).

6 Esther Cooper Jackson and James Jackson, interviews with Sara Rzeszutek, 2002–2006; Erik S. McDuffie, “Long Journeys: Four Black Women and the Communist Party, U.S.A., 1930–1956,” (unpublished Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2003); Sarah Hart Brown, “Esther Cooper Jackson: A Life in the Whirlwind” in Bruce L. Clayton and John A. Salmond, eds., “Lives Full of Struggle and Triumph”: Southern Women, Their Institutions, and Their Communities (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2003); Robin D.G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe.

7 EC to JJ, 2 July 1945, Jackson Papers.

8 Works on 20th century marriage include Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage & Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980); Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000). Works focusing more explicitly on race include Anastasia Curwood, “Three African American Marriages in the World of E. Franklin Frazier, 1932–1967,” (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 2003); Eleanor Alexander, Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow: The Tragic Courtship and Marriage of Paul Laurence Dunbar and Alice Ruth Moore, A History of Love and Violence among the African American Elite (New York: New York University Press, 2001).

9 Martin Summers, Manliness and its Discontents: The Black Middle Class and the Transformation of Masculinity, 1900–1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 187.

10 Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution,

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